In medical parlance a stroke is also referred to as cerebrovascular accident or CVA. A stroke occurs
due to a dysfunction or disturbance in the flow of blood to the brain. When this happens
the brain cells are starved of oxygen and as a result get damaged or die. This in turn
causes havoc to the blood flow making it ripe for a stroke. Causes of a stroke

• Lack of blood supply or Ischemic stroke
• Hemorrhagic stroke

Ischemic stroke

Most of the strokes that occur are ischemic strokes. And these occur when the blood
carrying veins /arteries to the brain are narrowed or blocked, causing totally reduced or
no blood flow at all. The common ischemic strokes that occur are:

Thrombotic stroke- When a blood clot or thrombus forms in one of the arteries that
supplies blood to the brain, the stroke that follows this blockage is called thrombotic
stroke. This cause for the clot in the arteries may be due to fat deposits that build up in
the arteries causing strain in flow of blood called atherosclerosis or due to other
debilitating conditions.

Embolic stroke- Another kind of ischemic stroke is an embolic stroke. This occurs when a
blood clot or blockages or debris forms elsewhere in the body, away from the brain, but
gets carried to the brain through the bloodstream and lodges in the brain’s arteries. The
stroke that occurs is called embolic in nature.
Hemorrhagic stroke

This occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Brain haemorrhages
occur as a result of many conditions such as high blood pressure and presence of weak
spots in the vessel walls or aneurysms as they are called. Another less common cause of
haemorrhage could be due to the rupture of blood veins that have got entangled. This is
mainly seen in very rare cases among babies at birth and called arteriovenous
malformation (AVM).

Hemorrhagic stroke in turn could include intracerebral haemorrhage, when the blood
vessel in the brain bursts and spills into the surrounding brain tissue and subarachnoid
haemorrhage that occurs due to the rupture of a small sack-shaped or berry-shaped
pouch on an artery in the brain.

Risk Factors of a Stroke

Many factors increase the chances of a stroke and these include-

High Blood Pressure
Smoking
High Cholesterol
Diabetes
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Sleep apnea
Cardiovascular diseases
Usage of some birth control pills
Addiction to drinking
Severe drug abuse
Personal or family history
Old age
Gender and
Racial factors

Management of Stroke

The goal for emergency medicine physicians, neurologists and other physicians is to
provide stroke care within the first 24 to 48 hours of hospitalization. It is imperative that
people who are having symptoms of a stroke are rushed to a hospital or seek urgent
medical care at its first signs.

At the hospital physicians and emergency medicine specialists need to address the
diagnosis and emergent treatment of an acute ischemic stroke in addition to the
management of its acute and sub-acute medical complications arsing thereof.
The steps to management include-

1. Evaluation and affirmation to confirm that the patient’s impairments are due to
ischemic stroke
2. If the stroke is due to a blood clot a clot busting drug to be administered
3. Medicine to control the symptoms of high blood pressure
4. Special surgery to prevent the occurrence of further strokes
5. Nutrients and fluids
6. The evaluation in turn would help in determining the next steps of treatment
7. Diagnostic studies to screen out neurological complications of stroke
8. Lastly historical data to assess or provide clues regarding the pathopysiological and
etiological implications of the stroke.

Prevention of Stroke

Patients who have had previous experience of stroke are at a greater risk of a
recurrence. Preventive measures are essential to reduce the risk. These include-
1. Quit smoking
2. Healthy eating
3. At least 30 minutes of exercise daily
4. Maintenance of healthy weight
5. Limited consumption of alcohol and
6. Regular health checkups

1. Improve Concentration
Good nutrition affects a child’s ability to learn. Research has shown that eating a balanced breakfast that include eggs can improve children:
• Concentration level
• Math and reading skills
• Attendance
• Behaviour
• Test scores

2. Maintain Healthy Weight
Eggs are the best source of complete protein which contain all essential amino acids for human body. They helps control the rate at which the body absorbs calories. When managing your weight, choose foods that provide the maximum amount of nutrition for the least amount of calories. Eggs are a great nutritional value for those trying to lose weight and maintain healthy weight.

3. Brain Development
Choline, a substance found in egg yolk, stimulating brain development and function. Since it necessary for brain development, but is not produced by our bodies in sufficient amount, a continuous new supply must be provided by our diet. Two large eggs provide the adult with the recommended daily intake of choline.

4. Improve Eyesight
Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidants found in egg yolk and are believed to help improve eyesight and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (leading cause of blindness in people over age 65 years) as well as the risk of cataracts.

5. Prevent Blood Clots
Eating eggs may help reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke by prevent blood clots. An important antioxidant called selenium found in eggs inhibit clot formation in a dose-dependent.

6. Healthy Pregnancy
Choline is an essential nutrient that contributes to fetal brain development and helps prevent birth defects. Two eggs provide about 250 milligrams of choline, or approximately half of the recommended daily intake for pregnant and lactating women.

7. Strengthen Bones
Egg is an important source of vitamin D, which is important in bone strengthening and improving immunity.

8. Maintain Healthy Hair and skin
Eggs contain protein and sulfur which together help in the promotion of healthy hair and skin.

9. Prevent Breast Cancer
A study found that women who consumed at least 6 eggs per week have 44% less risk of developing breast cancer.

• Juice of Drumstick when mixed in milk and obtainable to children greatly helps by strengthening their bones as it is said to be a huge source of Calcium. Also drumstick is said to be a great blood cleanser.

• Pregnant women must often eat drumsticks as it helps relieve any kind of pre and post delivery problem.

• Drumstick soup helps easiness any kind of chest congestions, coughs and painful throats.

• Inhaling vapor of water in which drumsticks have been boiled helps ease asthma and extra lung problem.

• Finally drumstick juice deeply adds to the flush on one’s face. Make a mix of drumstick and limejuice and pat it on your face. You will put your face glowing greatly.

• Drumstick increases starvation in a human being. Cures stomach ache, heals headache, cures blood consumption by motion, cleanses urinary water, Weekly take 2 times drumstick, it removes the high temperature in the body, gas problems.

We expect our drinking water to be germ free, but what about drug free? You probably haven't given it much thought...but new research is showing our water is teeming with all kinds of drugs! Trace looks at what this is doing to our bodies and the environment.
"All across the world, people are polluting waterways with estrogen.
"External Medicine: Discarded Drugs May Contaminate 40 Million Americans' Drinking Water""Although millions of people flush unused medications down the toilet and discharge them in bodily waste, sewage treatment plants and septic systems are not required to deal with such contaminants."

"Drugged Fish Lose Their Inhibitions, Get the Munchies"
"Residues of birth control pills, antidepressants, painkillers, shampoos and a host of other compounds are finding their way into the nation's waterways, and they have public health and environmental officials in a regulatory quandary."

How to Dispose of Unused Medicines"
"Most drugs can be thrown in the household trash, but consumers should take certain precautions before tossing them out, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)."

The maxim "He knows me better than I know myself"? Well, it probably doesn't hold true when it comes to pleasure centers. If you're like many women, you have had a long-term relationship with a vibrator and, with concentration, can get the deed done during a commercial break—without even muting the TV—if you so choose.

All joking aside, self-pleasure is important because it "lets you take control of your satisfaction," says Charlie Glickman, Ph.D., a sexuality educator. "It also gives you room to try new things without stressing about a partner's expectations." Add to that: Masturbation is a pressure release, a natural sleeping pill, and a plain old-fashioned good time (as if we needed to sell you on it).

Still, even if you and your vagina are so in sync you finish each other's sentences, your sex life with yourself, like with any long-term partner, has room for improvement.

So put away your vibrator. Not forever—just for a few minutes. Because to improve your self-loving skills, the best place to start is the mind. "Seduce yourself," suggests sex coach Amy Levine, founder of IgniteYourPleasure.com. That doesn't mean making a rose-petal path to your bed, but some low-maintenance pampering can get you in the mood. Levine recommends playing soft music and lighting candles. Porn works too, if that's your thing. So does eyes-closed fantasizing. Says sexuality educator Timaree Schmit, Ph.D.: "Envision a situation that turns you on, and let it fully develop. Never judge yourself or say you should be thinking about something or someone differently. There's no so-called thought police."

Once you've worked yourself into a mental lather, focus on your body. Levine suggests starting with a slow full-body self-massage. You already know the one or two spots that can send you over the edge, but now is your chance to discover untapped sources of pleasure. Levine says to pay special attention to your neck, the back of your knees, your thighs, and your perineum, which is the stretch of skin between your vagina and anal opening.

After your massage, avoid falling into your time-worn getting-off pattern. Switch up your position, suggests Levine: If you always masturbate while lying on your back, try it on all fours, or sitting in a comfortable chair, or even standing, bent over a table or the bed. Try kneeling as if you're straddling your partner.

Variety is key to your sex life, so why shouldn't that extend to your self-love life? If you need more convincing, know this: By masturbating the same way every time, you might have more difficulty getting off when you're with a partner. So stay flexible.

Speaking of which, consider taking a yoga class and then getting it on with yourself as soon as you arrive home, says Levine. "The breath work and the flow of the poses allow us to be in the moment and out of our head," she says. In other words, yoga can diminish all those thoughts of your boss, your bank account, or whatever other worries might distract you.

Now, getting back to your vibrator. If yours is a trusty rabbit style, it might be time to introduce vibrator 2.0. Perhaps something that hits the doubted-by-scientists-but-not-by-women G-spot? (A rabbit is tailored to the clitoris.) "Look for something that has a curve," suggests Glickman. "Stronger vibrations, or ridges or bumps, often help too."

Glickman recommends using a G-spot wand that's waterproof, like the Good Vibrations Silky G Waterproof G Spot Vibrator. Draw a bath, climb in, and go to town. Aim the toy's curve toward your navel when you insert it—the G-spot is a couple of inches inside the vagina, on the front wall. "Try to find an area the size of a dime or a nickel that feels raised, or ridged, or firmer than the tissue around it," says Glickman. "It's often easier to find when you're turned on, because it swells."

Don't feel like embarking on The Great G-Spot Hunt? No problem, says Leigh, who is all for clitoral focus. "There's increasing pressure that you should be able to get off from G-spot stimulation," she says. "But just do what feels best to you." She recommends clitoris-specific egg-shaped vibrators for easy use and storage.

"But the Cadillac of vibrators is still the Hitachi wand," she says of the massage device that resembles a giant microphone. "It's huge. It often requires an electrical outlet and can be noisy as all get-out. But if nothing else will get the job done, this will."

Of course, toys aren't everyone's cup of tea. And that's fine. All that matters is that you feel good. And if you're playing sexy music, massaging yourself, and writhing in a chair while feeling good, all the better.

A preview clip of my animated and interactive application based on the poster by Fritz Kahn: Der Mensch als Industriepalast [Man as Industrial Palace] from 1926.

There's nothing like a good kiss. There's also nothing like a bad kiss. But why do we kiss in the first place? It's such an odd activity, yet 90% of all people do it.

What's in a kiss? A study by Oxford University researchers suggests kissing helps us size up potential partners and, once in a relationship, may be a way of getting a partner to stick around.

'Kissing in human sexual relationships is incredibly prevalent in various forms across just about every society and culture,' says Rafael Wlodarski, the DPhil student who carried out the research in the Department of Experimental Psychology at Oxford University. 'Kissing is seen in our closest primate relatives, chimps and bonobos, but it is much less intense and less commonly used.

'So here's a human courtship behaviour which is incredibly widespread and common and, in extent, is quite unique. And we are still not exactly sure why it is so widespread or what purpose it serves.'

To understand more, Rafael Wlodarski and Professor Robin Dunbar set up an online questionnaire in which over 900 adults answered questions about the importance of kissing in both short-term and long-term relationships.

Rafael Wlodarski explains: 'There are three main theories about the role that kissing plays in sexual relationships: that it somehow helps assess the genetic quality of potential mates; that it is used to increase arousal (to initiate sex for example); and that it is useful in keeping relationships together. We wanted to see which of these theories held up under closer scrutiny.'

The researchers report their findings in two papers, one in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior and the second in the journal Human Nature. They were funded by the European Research Council.

The survey responses showed that women rated kissing as generally more important in relationships than men. Furthermore, men and women who rated themselves as being attractive, or who tended to have more short-term relationships and casual encounters, also rated kissing as being more important.

In humans, as in all mammals, females must invest more time than men in having offspring - pregnancy takes nine months and breast-feeding may take up to several years. Previous studies have shown women tend to be more selective when initially choosing a partner. Men and women who are more attractive, or have more casual sex partners, have also been found to be more selective in choosing potential mates. As it is these groups which tended to value kissing more in their survey responses, it suggests that kissing helps in assessing potential mates.

It has been suggested previously that kissing may allow people to subconsciously assess a potential partner through taste or smell, picking up on biological cues for compatibility, genetic fitness or general health.

'Mate choice and courtship in humans is complex,' says Professor Robin Dunbar. 'It involves a series of periods of assessments where people ask themselves "shall I carry on deeper into this relationship?" Initial attraction may include facial, body and social cues. Then assessments become more and more intimate as we go deeper into the courtship stages, and this is where kissing comes in.'

He adds: 'In choosing partners, we have to deal with the "Jane Austen problem": How long do you wait for Mr Darcy to come along when you can't wait forever and there may be lots of you waiting just for him? At what point do you have to compromise for the curate?

'What Jane Austen realised is that people are extremely good at assessing where they are in the "mating market" and pitch their demands accordingly. It depends what kind of poker hand you've been dealt. If you have a strong bidding hand, you can afford to be much more demanding and choosy when it comes to prospective mates.

'We see some of that coming out in the results of our survey, suggesting that kissing plays a role in assessing a potential partner,' Professor Dunbar explains.

Past research has also found that women place greater value on activities that strengthen long-term relationships (since raising offspring is made easier with two parents present).

In the current study, the team found that kissing's importance changed for people according to whether it was being done in long-term or short-term relationships. Particularly, it was rated by women as more important in long-term relationships, suggesting that kissing also plays an important role in mediating affection and attachment among established couples.

While high levels of arousal might be a consequence of kissing (particularly as a prelude to sex), the researchers say it does not appear to be a driving factor that explains why we kiss in romantic relationships.

Other findings included:

In short relationships, survey participants said kissing was most important before sex, less so during sex, was less important again after sex and was least important at other times. In committed relationships, where forming and maintain a lasting bond is an important goal, kissing was equally important before sex and at times not-related to sex.
More frequent kissing in a relationship was linked to the quality of a relationship, while this wasn't the case for having more sex. However, people's satisfaction with the amount of both kissing and sex did tally with the quality of that relationship.

In a companion paper in the journal Human Nature, the researchers report that women's attitudes to romantic kissing also depend on where in their menstrual cycle and their relationship they are. Women valued kissing most at initial stages of a relationship when they were in the part of their cycle when they are most likely to conceive. Previous studies have shown that hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle can change a woman's preferences for a potential mate. When chances of conceiving are highest, women seem to prefer men who display supposed signals of underlying genetic fitness, such as masculinized faces, facial symmetry, social dominance, and genetic compatibility. It appears that kissing a romantic potential partner at this time helps women assess the genetic quality of a potential mate, the researchers say.

Scientists have just discovered a new, very important reason for you to get a good night's sleep. For the first time, they've actually been able to see the brain physically cleaning itself while you're catching Zzz's! Anthony explains how this cerebral garbage disposal system works.4.

When should I start to feel my baby move?

You probably won't feel your baby kick until sometime between 16 and 22 weeks, even though he started moving at 7 or 8 weeks, and you may have already witnessed his acrobatics if you've had an ultrasound.

Veteran moms tend to notice those first subtle kicks – also known as "quickening" – earlier than first-time moms. (A woman who's been pregnant before can more easily distinguish her baby's kicks from other belly rumblings, such as gas.)

Your build may also have something to do with when you'll be able to tell a left jab from a hunger pang. Thinner women tend to feel movement earlier and more often than women who carry more weight.

What does it feel like?

Women have described the sensation as being like popcorn popping, a goldfish swimming around, or butterflies fluttering. You'll probably chalk up those first gentle taps or swishes in your belly to gas or hunger pains, but once you start feeling them more regularly, you'll recognize the difference. You're more likely to feel these early movements when you're sitting or lying quietly.

How often should I feel movements?

At first the kicks you notice will be few and far between. In fact, you may feel several movements one day and then none the next. Although your baby is moving and kicking regularly, many of his jerks and jolts aren't yet strong enough for you to feel. But later in the second trimester, those reassuring kicks will become stronger and more regular.

If you're tempted to compare notes with other pregnant women, don't worry if your experience differs from that of your friends. Every baby has his own pattern of activity. As long as there's no decrease in your baby's usual activity level, chances are he's doing just fine.

Do I need to keep track of the kicking?

Once you're feeling kicks regularly, pay attention to them and let your practitioner know right away if you notice a decrease in your baby's activity level. Less movement may signal a problem. You'll need a biophysical profile or a nonstress test plus an ultrasound measurement of amniotic fluid to check on your baby.

Once you're in your third trimester, some practitioners will recommend that you spend some time each day counting your baby's kicks. There are lots of different ways to do these "kick counts," so ask for specific instructions.

Here's one common approach: Choose a time of day when your baby tends to be active. (Ideally, you'll want to do the counts at roughly the same time each day.) Sit quietly or lie on your side so you won't get distracted. Time how long it takes for you to feel ten distinct movements – kicks, punches, and whole body movements all count. If you don't feel ten movements in two hours, stop counting and call your midwife or doctor.

It has been defined by researchers as a developmental disorder that may affect individuals at a younger age, falling in the category Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Predominantly Inattentive (ADHD-PI).

Such individuals may be tagged as daydreamers, inattentive, confused, and blank in most cases.

It has been found that the cause of this condition is primarily hereditary in nature. However, research has shown that SCT emerges from problems with the prefrontal cortex of the brain, and problems with retrieving memory. Further, lack of production of dopamine and norepinephrine may also be responsible for this condition.

Symptoms:

-Lack of Focus
-Sluggish Demeanor
-Lack of Motivation
-Social Withdrawal and Depression
-Low Comprehension Abilities
-Forgetfulness
-Day dreaming

It is commonly due to an infection (usually viral, but sometimes bacterial or an allergic reaction.

Classification

Classification can be either by cause or by extent of the inflamed area.

By cause:

-Viral conjunctivitis
-Allergic conjunctivitis
-Bacterial conjunctivitis
-Chemical conjunctivitis
-Neonatal conjunctivitis is often defined separately due to different organisms.

By extent of involvement:

-Blepharoconjunctivitis is the dual combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids).

-Keratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis and keratitis (corneal inflammation).


Symptoms:

-Red eye (hyperaemia),
-swelling of conjunctiva (chemosis)
-and watering (epiphora) of the eyes
are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. However, the pupils should be normally reactive and the visual acuity normal.

Viral

-Viral conjunctivitis is often associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract, a common cold, and/or a sore throat.

-Its symptoms include excessive watering and itching.

- The infection usually begins with one eye, but may spread easily to the other.

-Viral conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva


Bacterial

-Bacterial conjunctivitis causes the rapid onset of conjunctival redness, swelling of the eyelid, and mucopurulent discharge.

-Typically, symptoms develop first in one eye, but may spread to the other eye within 2–5 days.

-Bacterial conjunctivitis due to common pyogenic (pus-producing) bacteria causes marked grittiness/irritation and a stringy, opaque, greyish or yellowish mucopurulent discharge that may cause the lids to stick together, especially after sleep.

- The gritty and/or scratchy feeling is sometimes localized enough for patients to insist they must have a foreign body in the eye.

The more acute pyogenic infections can be painful. Common bacteria responsible for non-acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococci and Streptococci.

Chemical

-Chemical eye injury is due to either an acidic or alkali substance getting in the eye. Alkalis are typically worse than acidic burns.

- Mild burns will produce conjunctivitis while more severe burns may cause the cornea to turn white.


Allergic

-Itching (rubbing eyes) is the hallmark symptom of allergic conjunctivitis.

- Other symptoms include history of eczema, or asthma.

Management

Conjunctivitis resolves in 65% of cases without treatment, within two to five days. The prescription of antibiotics is not necessary in most cases.

Allergic

-For the allergic type, cool water poured over the face with the head inclined downward constricts capillaries, and artificial tears sometimes relieve discomfort in mild cases.

- In more severe cases, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and antihistamines may be prescribed.

- Persistent allergic conjunctivitis may also require topical steroid drops.

Bacterial

-Bacterial conjunctivitis usually resolves without treatment. Antibiotics, eye drops, or ointment may only be needed if no improvement is observed after three days.

-In people receiving no antibiotics, recovery was in 4.8 days, with immediate antibiotics it was 3.3 days, and with delayed antibiotics 3.9 days. No serious effects were noted either with or without treatment.

Viral

-brief povidone iodine eye wash

Chemical

-Conjunctivitis due to chemicals is treated via irrigation with Ringer's lactate or saline solution

Even though otitis media is the most common complication of measles, pneumonia remains the most important cause of death following measles.

Usually, the main symptom of a heart attack is a heavy, squeezing, constricting, burning pain or discomfort occurring in the center of the chest.
This pain may sometimes radiate down the left arm, across the left shoulder and upper back, or up to the neck and to the lower jaw. Anxiety, profuse sweating, nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, and fainting may also be present. Fortunately, in most cases, the pain or discomfort is severe enough to cause an individual to seek medical attention.
In some instances, however, the pain lasts for only an hour or less and the individual mistakenly believes that the chest pain is simply due to indigestion or skeletal muscle spasms.
The following questions can be useful in helping individuals to differentiate cardiac chest pain from non-cardiac chest pain:

Does the pain/discomfort get better or worse when changing body position?
Cardiac chest pain is not influenced by changes in body position.

Is the pain/discomfort better or worse with respirations?
Cardiac chest pain is not exacerbated by respiration.

Is the pain/discomfort intense, dull, or knifelike?
Cardiac chest pain is usually described as a dull ache or heaviness; it is seldom characterized as being sharp or stabbing.

Is the pain/discomfort deep or close to the surface?
Cardiac chest pain is deep, not superficial.

Learn about the causes of kidney stones and ways of preventing them.

lithotripsy - stone breaking

endoscopy - treating stones by using small cameras that can be placed via penis or women's pee hole (urethra) and can be moved all the way up to the kidney to see the stone and break it with a small laser
percutaneous treatment - treatment of stones by entering the kidney through a small cut in the back that tunnels directly into the kidney.

Fibroadenoma is a non cancer tumour of breast, it is common to find it, it is very mobile in breast as it has its own surrounding layer known as capsule which is say not strongly attached to the breast tissue. It is removed along with its capsule. Ladies should always be vigilant to look for any new nodule in their breasts or old nodules increasing rapidly in size. Only 5% of nodules in the breast of a lady are cancer, so their is no need to panic but must consult the surgeon if you so find a nodule. Like this nodule is harmless in a way except that the lady had to undergo anesthesia and surgery for its removal as it had grown very big.